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[CHILDREN SINGING INDISTINCTLY]
[♪♪]
[CROWD CHEERING, APPLAUDING]
[CHANTING IN MANDARIN]
NANFU: I was born in China in 1985,
a time when China's population crisis
was making headlines around the world.
There are more than a billion Chinese.
That one big statistic, more than anything else,
is at the heart of that country's
huge economic problems.
MAN: By the middle of the next century,
if China's families have an average of three children,
there will be starvation.
However, with one child per family,
the standard of living doubles.
So now there's a desperate effort underway
to control the population,
to limit families to just one child.
Chinese officials are using fines,
economic incentives and propaganda.
Billboards like this one are up all over the country.
They have a long way to go.
NANFU: Six years before I was born,
China launched its One-Child Policy.
I grew up seeing reminders of the policy everywhere.
They were painted on the walls, printed on playing cards...
calendars,
matches,
snack boxes,
posters.
All of them blended
into the background of life in China.
I never thought much
about what it meant for me, or anyone,
until I learned that I was going to be a mom.
[HEARTBEAT]
[♪♪]
Our baby was born seven weeks early.
I was not prepared.
Right after he was born,
the nurses took him away from me.
The separation
and fear for his health was traumatic.
Twelve days later,
I was finally able to take him home
and hold him.
[IN MANDARIN]
Becoming a mother felt like
giving birth to my memories.
A rush of images from my early life
came back to me.
I thought of my own parents
and the name they gave me.
They chose the name Nanfu before I was born.
Nan means "man," andfu means "pillar."
They hoped for a boy
who would grow up to be the pillar of the family.
When I was born a girl,
they named me Nanfu anyway,
hoping that I would grow up strong like a man.
I remembered the plaques the government hung
on all the front doors in my village every year,
signifying each family's commitment
to the Communist Party's values.
Each plaque was decorated with stars
indicating how well the family performed,
including a star
for whether the family had no more than one child.
Our family always missed that star.
I remembered being sent to middle school in the city
because our village only had an elementary school.
Most of the city kids came from one-child families.
Whenever someone found out that I had a brother,
I felt embarrassed,
as if our family had done something wrong
by having a second child.
NANFU [IN MANDARIN]:
ZAODI [IN MANDARIN]:
Mm.
Hmm.
Mm.
[♪♪]
[BABY FUSSING]
[FIRECRACKERS POPPING]
ZHIMEI [IN MANDARIN]:
[CLEARS THROAT]
WOMAN [IN MANDARIN]:Huh?
NANFU: I moved to the U.S. six years before my son was born.
Bringing him back to my village for the first time
showed me how traumatic it was
just to become a parent in China.
[CHILDREN CHATTERING INDISTINCTLY]
Visiting the village kindergarten
where my mom teaches,
I remembered that we had textbooks
about the One-Child Policy
since we were kids.
ALL [SINGING IN MANDARIN]:
I used to think that I knew everything
there was to know about the One-Child Policy.
But now I wondered if the thoughts I had
were really my own
or if they were simply learned.
I asked my neighbor to take me
to see the former head of my village,
who was in charge
when the One-Child Policy began.
He was one of the people my grandpa argued with
about sterilizing my mom.
[IN MANDARIN]
[BOTH CHATTERING IN MANDARIN]
[NANFU LAUGHS]
NANFU [IN MANDARIN]:
Oh!NANFU: Mm.
[IN MANDARIN]
NANFU:
Ah.
NANFU:
[IN MANDARIN]
[NANFU CHUCKLES]
[IN MANDARIN]
NANFU:
[WOMEN CHATTERING IN MANDARIN]
NANFU:
TUNDE [IN MANDARIN]:
NANFU:
[IN MANDARIN]
WOMAN [IN MANDARIN]:
[CYMBALS CLANKING]
[SPEAKING IN MANDARIN]
XIANWEN [IN MANDARIN]:
[CHANTING IN MANDARIN]
[CHANTING]
NANFU: Men like Liu Xianwen worked all over China
to promote the One-Child Policy.
[CYMBALS CLANKING OVER TV]
Since before I could even speak,
I was surrounded by messages praising the policy.
[MUSIC PLAYING OVER TV] There was TV.
ALL [CHANTING IN MANDARIN]:
NANFU: Theatrical performances.
[IN MANDARIN]:
ALL [IN MANDARIN]:
NANFU: And even children's songs.
[SINGING IN MANDARIN]:
And just like everyone else, I joined in the choir.
This was me performing propaganda songs.
We all had the same makeup, the same dresses
and the same mentality.
WOMAN [IN MANDARIN]:
[IN MANDARIN]
WOMAN:
[IN MANDARIN]
[CHATTERING IN MANDARIN]
NANFU: As I was leaving,
I asked my neighbor who went with me
if he could take me to meet some women
who were affected by the policy.
NANFU [IN MANDARIN]:
MAN 1 [IN MANDARIN]:
NANFU:
MAN 1:
NANFU:
[IN MANDARIN]
NANFU:
[NANFU SPEAKS IN MANDARIN]
[IN MANDARIN]
NANFU:
[IN MANDARIN]
NANFU:
WOMAN 1 [IN MANDARIN]:
NANFU:
[CHATTERING IN MANDARIN]
[MANDARIN POP MUSIC PLAYING OVER SPEAKER]
NANFU [IN ENGLISH]: That night, I decided
it was best to speak to someone I know.
So I went to see the local midwife
who delivered all the babies in the village,
including myself.
She was happy to see me.
She showed me photos of my grandma,
who used to be in the same propaganda band with her.
HUARU [IN MANDARIN]:
NANFU [IN MANDARIN]:
[IN MANDARIN]
[♪♪]
NANFU:
HUARU:
NANFU [IN ENGLISH]: On the wall,
there was a long list of infertility disorders.
Next to it were flags people sent to thank her
for helping them have babies.
[NANFU GASPS]
[NANFU SPEAKS IN MANDARIN]
NANFU:
HUARU:
NANFU [IN ENGLISH]: My village is one of many thousands across the country,
and every village had midwives and family planning workers.
Each year, the government would punish or reward them
depending on how many babies were born in their territory.
[ORCHESTRAL FANFARE PLAYING][AUDIENCE APPLAUDING]
PRESENTER [IN MANDARIN]:
[♪♪]
[IN MANDARIN]
NANFU [IN ENGLISH]: She was standing right behind Wen Jiabao,
the country's premier at the time.
Received like a national hero,
Jiang's story was told again and again
by the state TV.
MAN [IN MANDARIN]:
[IN MANDARIN]
[♪♪]
[LAUGHS]
[CHUCKLES]
[♪♪]
NANFU: "We are fighting a population war"
was a common slogan used by the government
during the One-Child Policy.
China started a war against population growth,
but it became a real war against its own people.
[TANK GUNS FIRING]
PENG [IN MANDARIN]:
NANFU [IN MANDARIN]:
NANFU:
Mm.
[♪♪]
[IN MANDARIN]
[CLEARS THROAT]
NANFU [IN MANDARIN]:
[SIGHS]
NANFU [IN ENGLISH]: My grandpa is 83.
He lived through wars, famines and revolutions.
My own parents weren't much better off.
My father died of a brain hemorrhage
when he was 33.
And his short life was more about survival
than finding fulfillment.
[♪♪]
None of my family questioned the policy
or how it was implemented.
The government used music and TV
to show people a better life
that they could imagine themselves living,
as long as they followed the rules.
[WOMAN SINGING ORCHESTRAL BALLAD]
WOMAN [SINGING IN MANDARIN]:
[IN MANDARIN]
NANFU [IN ENGLISH]: I wish I could say something to my mom.
Like most people in China, she believes the policy
was necessary for China's survival.
But I wondered if people like her
really thought it was worth the sacrifices
each family made.
ZHIHAO [IN MANDARIN]:
[STAMMERS]
NANFU [IN MANDARIN]:
[IN MANDARIN]
NANFU:
[MEN SPEAKING IN MANDARIN]
NANFU:
Coming back here,
I realized that I don't even have a photo
of my grandpa and me,
as he only ever took photos with his two grandsons.
ZHIHAO [IN MANDARIN]:
NANFU: When my mom was born, her parents named her Zaodi,
which means "bring me a younger brother soon."
She later helped her younger brother
abandon his daughter in the market
so he could try again for a son.
[IN MANDARIN]
NANFU [IN MANDARIN]:
[IN MANDARIN]
NANFU:
NANFU [IN ENGLISH]: I wish I could say that my uncle
was the only one in our family
who felt he had to abandon a child.
[♪♪]
[IN MANDARIN]
NANFU [IN MANDARIN]:
NANFU:
Mm.
[♪♪]
NANFU [IN ENGLISH]: The large number of abandoned babies
created opportunities for human traffickers
all over China.
In my village, we called them matchmakers,
because they took unwanted babies
and found homes for them.
Talking with my aunt about matchmakers
triggered a memory I had
of a national news story from a decade ago,
where an entire family was convicted
of selling babies to orphanages.
At the time, it seemed cruel and evil
that someone could sell babies like that.
But now I wondered if the government's version
of their crime was true at all.
I tracked down the ex-trafficker Yueneng Duan
in Shenzhen.
Duan spent four years in prison,
but now works as a security guard.
The day I was there, he was on his break,
scavenging furniture from a company
that was going out of business.
[♪♪]
[IN MANDARIN]
NANFU [IN MANDARIN]:
NANFU:
NANFU [IN ENGLISH]: The number 10,000 sounded high to me,
but I had no way to verify it.
I asked him to show me exactly how he did it.
[WOMAN ON P.A. SPEAKING MANDARIN]
NANFU: He used to take a train almost every day
between Guangdong Province, where he would find babies,
and Hunan Province,
where he would sell the babies to the orphanages.
YUENENG [IN MANDARIN]:
NANFU [IN MANDARIN]:
NANFU:
YUENENG [IN MANDARIN]:
NANFU:
NANFU [IN ENGLISH]: 1992 was the year that China began
its international adoption program,
allowing foreigners to adopt Chinese orphans.
The demand from orphanages grew so fast
that Duan's family had to find help.
[IN MANDARIN]
[SPEAKING MANDARIN]
YUENENG [IN MANDARIN]:
MEILIN [IN MANDARIN]:
YUENENG:
NANFU [IN MANDARIN]:
[IN MANDARIN]
NANFU:
[BOTH SPEAKING IN MANDARIN]
[LAUGHS]
NANFU [IN ENGLISH]: Until my aunt told me
the story about her abandoned daughter,
I never knew that I had a cousin.
Now I was filled with questions.
Where could she be?
And where are the children Duan sold to orphanages?
One family in America
has been trying to answer these questions for 18 years.
BRIAN: There are entries showing these kids
either came from the Duan family from Wuchuan
or from, you know, outside, uh, family planning.
And that's just-- It's astounding that,
of the hundreds of kids at this orphanage
adopted internationally,
less than a handful of them
actually seem to have been legitimately found.
The rest were brought in by people.
LAN: I know.
NANFU: Long Lan and her husband Brian
cofounded Research China,
a paid service that tries to connect adopted children
with their birth families in China.
Their search started with their own children.
LAN [IN MANDARIN]:
NANFU [IN ENGLISH]: Why adopting from China was so popular
among international families?
The main thing is that the China program,
from the beginning,
was extremely predictable.
You knew practically down to the penny
how much money you were gonna need to bring to China.
You knew where you were gonna be on every day.
You knew what forms you were gonna sign.
Everything was 100 percent orchestrated.
NANFU: How much was the average total cost to adopt from China?
Generally between, say, $10,000 at the very least
to 20,000 to $25,000.
So we did research, submitted our dossier
and adopted Meikina in 1998, April 4th.
[BABBLES]
And it was, in every sense of the word,
a life-changing experience.
And we said, "Boy, we need to go on that ride again."
[♪♪]
BRIAN: Now look at the camera. Two, three, one.
Come on.Here. One, two...
LAN [IN MANDARIN]:
[IN ENGLISH]
[IN MANDARIN]
[IN ENGLISH] Oh, my God...
[IN MANDARIN]
NANFU [IN ENGLISH]: For most of Meikina's life,
they thought they knew exactly how she came to them.
BRIAN: I'd actually started researching in China in about 2000,
and interviewed this finder.
[IN ENGLISH]
BRIAN: And the detail in the experience
that she painted for me
struck me as completely legitimate.
[IN ENGLISH]
For 10 years, I was convinced
that that story was accurate.
Um, and then finally Lan said, you know,
"Maybe we should go back
and I should meet this finder and talk to her myself."
So she went back,
found the woman I had interviewed,
and the woman, like, kind of got a little bit nervous,
and she said, "Have you spoken to the orphanage?
"I actually had nothing to do with your daughter's finding.
"Our names were just put on the paperwork
"for the adoption.
We didn't find your daughter."
Now, when Lan called me and told me that,
I was like, "Wow. That is amazing."
Because now I recognized that the orphanage
had prepped the finder
before I had even gotten there in 2000 and said,
"Give him a good story.
Make something up. Just make him feel good."
And that's what happens in the majority of cases
when Western families go to China,
and they give this same story over and over and over again.
LAN [IN MANDARIN]:
[IN ENGLISH] How come I can't find that one?
[IN MANDARIN]
NANFU: Talking with Long Lan,
I realized I was following the path
she had already discovered.
[IN MANDARIN]
NANFU: She had reached out to Duan and his family
many years before I did.
She has a copy of all the records
from Duan's trial.
She also interviewed Duan's mom,
who passed away several years ago.
She was the first person in the family
who sold babies to orphanages.
NANFU [IN MANDARIN]:
[IN MANDARIN]
NANFU:
[NANFU SPEAKS IN MANDARIN]Hmm.
NANFU: Mm.
[NANFU SPEAKS IN MANDARIN]
NANFU: Hmm.
And so the orphanage will hire--
Not officially hire,
but will create a recruiting network
of doctors, midwives, foster families, whatever.
You know? Anybody that can--
Can locate and bring children into the orphanage.
When those children come into the orphanage,
then, of course, the orphanage then needs
to fabricate their information,
say, "Oh, yeah, let's pick the third middle school today."
You know, and they'll tell the adopted family,
"Your child was found at the third middle school."
Um, when, in fact, they were never actually found at all.
So, what the orphanages will do is they'll make an agreement
with their local police station and say,
"Okay, we're going to bring over these finding reports,
"and we need you to stamp it and sign it,
"and we'll pay you 50 yuan or whatever
for each one that we do."
[♪♪]
The finding ads are published in newspapers
that nobody ever reads.
You know, basically, they're just a photo
with some information about the child,
their gender, their health status,
where they were supposedly found,
how old, their birth dates, and so on.
And then, at the bottom of the finding ad it says,
"The birth family has 60 days to retrieve the child,
or the child will be submitted for adoption."
NANFU: Looking at the finding ads in the newspapers,
I wondered about each baby's story.
If they weren't orphans,
were they given to matchmakers like my own cousin?
I found many sets of twins.
Most of them probably were separated,
and they don't even know that they have a twin
somewhere in the world.
LAN [IN MANDARIN]:
BRIAN: When you take that information
from all the children and you collate it together,
you can begin to see patterns.
This is the location that the orphanage
told the adoptive families
where their child was found.
And so you can see-- Orphanage gate,
civil affairs, orphanage, civil affairs, orphanage.
It's clear that, you know,
they're making up the information,
because they're using the same locations
over and over and over again.
LAN [IN MANDARIN]:
[LAN RECITING NAMES]
BRIAN: It used to be that family planning would come in
if you had an over-quota child,
and they'd bash down your house
or they'd take a pig or, you know, do something.
Once the orphanage joined
the international adoption program,
that changed.
And so now they saw kind of a win-win situation going
where the family planning would go in
and take the child that wasn't registered,
turn it in to the orphanage,
the orphanage would reward the family planning officials,
and then adopt that child internationally.
NANFU: I lived in China until I was 26,
but I'd never heard that government officials
were confiscating babies during the One-Child Policy.
I was shocked when Brian said
the story was uncovered years ago
when I was still living in China.
This was me back then.
Throughout my life,
I was taught to believe the love of my country
was equal to love of the government
and the party.
Now, when I look back at this time in my life,
I'm amazed at my ignorance.
NANFU [IN ENGLISH]:
The Chinese government exerted a lot of influence
to suppress the story.
Threatened the newspaper, threatened the reporter.
the reporter ended up having to leave China, you know,
because of that kind of stuff.
NANFU: I e-mailed the journalist,
who is in exile in Hong Kong,
and asked if he could meet me.
He agreed, but only if we meet in a hotel,
because he didn't want to reveal his address.
[♪♪]
PANG [IN MANDARIN]:
NANFU: Pang had extensive evidence.
He and a colleague had taken cameras
to Hunan Province in 2010.
The government had targeted families in Longhui County,
one of the poorest places in all of China.
[DOGS BARKING]
WOMAN [IN MANDARIN]:
MAN [IN MANDARIN]:
MAN:
ZHOU:
MAN:
YANG:
MAN 1:
MAN 2:
[IN MANDARIN]
MAN:
PANG [IN MANDARIN]:
NANFU: Growing up, I saw signs like this everywhere.
[♪♪]
NANFU [IN MANDARIN]:
[IN MANDARIN]
MAN [IN MANDARIN]:
ZENG [IN MANDARIN]:
NANFU: Then he showed me footage
of Zeng Shuangjie.
He told me that Zeng had a twin sister
who was taken away from the family.
PANG [IN MANDARIN]:
MAN [IN MANDARIN]:
[IN MANDARIN]
NANFU: In Hong Kong, Pang wrote a book
titledThe Orphans of Shao.
He used the twin girl's picture on the cover.
It couldn't be published in China.
An English version was published
with the help of a U.S. nonprofit organization.
[WOMAN ON P.A. SPEAKING MANDARIN]
[♪♪]
NANFU: Since Pang's report was published in 2011,
the situation of the families in Shaoyang
is basically the same.
There has been no accountability
for the people responsible.
[DOG BARKING]
[IN MANDARIN]
LAN:FATHER:
LAN:
FATHER:
LAN: Ah. Oh.
[IN ENGLISH]
ZENG [IN MANDARIN]:
[♪♪]
NANFU [IN ENGLISH]: I told Lan the story about my aunt
and my missing cousin.
She said she might be able to help.
[IN MANDARIN]
Ah.
[BOTH CHUCKLE]
NANFU [IN ENGLISH]: After meeting with my aunt,
Lan kept traveling around China,
gathering DNA from families
to test for matches with children abroad.
One thing that struck me was that everyone we spoke to
said the same things about the policy.
[IN MANDARIN]
NANFU [IN ENGLISH]: As I heard the answer
again and again, "I had no choice",
I realized that you could ask anyone in any part of China
about how the One-Child Policy affected them,
and all of them would say the same thing.
[IN MANDARIN]
NANFU: I was so angry,
even with my own family,
that there wasn't more to be said or done.
There was such a shared sense of helplessness.
It reminded me, when every major life decision
is made for you, for all your life,
it's hard to feel responsible for the consequences.
[♪♪]
Long Lan and Brian started testing the DNA samples
she brought back from China.
They didn't find my cousin, but they did discover a match,
a girl in the United States
who is a DNA match to a family in China.
BRIAN: This is the list of all the DNA that we've got.
All of it comes into GEDMatch Genesis database.
So that-- And that's a free database
that allows us then to compare our DNA
with all the DNA in the database.
I was going through, Lan was doing some work,
I was just going through. I go through each of the matches
to see if there was any that were close matches,
and we got to one of the birth families
and it matched to a girl.
And, of course, I immediately reached out to the adoptee,
sent her an e-mail and let her know that, you know,
if she wanted more information, she could write us.
And then she wrote back and said,
"Thank you for reaching out to me.
"At this moment, I do not want information
"regarding my birth family.
I'm not really interested at this time."
NANFU [IN ENGLISH]:
[IN ENGLISH]
NANFU: Lan told me that it's actually very common
that adoptees do not want to contact
their birth families.
This also included the children she located from Hunan Province
who were kidnapped and sent to orphanages
by the government.
LAN [IN ENGLISH]:
[IN MANDARIN]
[SIGHS]
[SNIFFLES]
[IN ENGLISH]: Okay.
Mm.
[SNIFFLES]
Um...
NANFU [IN ENGLISH]: After leaving Utah,
I decided to take another trip to China with my son.
I wanted to follow up with the twin girl
whose sister is in America.
I brought the book written by the journalist in Hong Kong.
While there was no DNA match for Zeng and her twin sister,
her story had already been made public.
An American journalist located her twin sister
in the United States.
[IN MANDARIN]
NANFU [IN MANDARIN]:
ZENG:
PANG:
ZENG:
PANG:
ZENG:PANG:
ZENG:
[IN MANDARIN]
NANFU [IN ENGLISH]: While the American family did not want to be interviewed,
Zeng and her twin sister connected through social media.
ZENG [IN MANDARIN]:
NANFU [IN MANDARIN]:
[IN MANDARIN]
NANFU:
Mm.
Mm...
NANFU:
Mm.
NANFU:
[NANFU CHUCKLES]
NANFU:
[CHUCKLES]
NANFU:
Mm.
NANFU:
[BOTH CHUCKLE]
[♪♪]
NANFU [IN ENGLISH]: Many years ago,
I felt embarrassed for having a brother.
But now I feel lucky
that I had someone to grow up with.
I want my son to have a sibling like I did,
but I want that decision to be my own.
I'm struck by the irony that I left a country
where the government forced women to abort,
and I moved to another country
where governments restrict abortions.
On the surface, they seem like opposites,
but both are about taking away women's control
of their own bodies.
The One-Child Policy lasted for 35 years.
Now there aren't enough young people in China
to work and care for the elderly.
So China is introducing a new family planning policy.
The signs painted all over my village
have been changed.
Every trace of the One-Child Policy
is being erased.
WOMEN [SINGING IN MANDARIN]:
NANFU: But the memory of what the policy really was
survives in the minds of people who lived it.
If these memories
of the One-Child Policy fade away,
the only thing left will be propaganda.
[IN MANDARIN]
ALL:
[MUSIC RESUMES PLAYING]
[MUSIC FADES]
[♪♪]